Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between prostate cancer (PCa) and Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the Mexican population. We studied 356 paraffin-embedded tissues from unrelated Mexican men with PCa or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), with the latter serving as control. HPV detection was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal primers, and viral genotypes were detected using sequencing or multiplex PCR. Light microscopy analyses enabled the identification of koilocytes in samples subsequently analyzed for HPV detection by in situ PCR and for p16-INK4A expression by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that high risk- (HR) HPVs were detected in 37/189 (19.6%) PCa specimens compared to 16/167 (9.6%) of BHP specimens (odds ratio 2.3; 95% CI= 1.2 to 4.3; p=0.01). These data suggest HR-HPV may play a role in PCa. HPV 52 and 58 were the most frequent genotypes (33 and 17%, respectively) detected in the population studied. Koilocytes were detected in all in situ PCR-HPV-positive samples, representing a pathognomonic feature of infection, and we observed the overexpression of p16-INK4A in HPV-positive samples compared to HPV-negative samples, indirectly suggesting the presence of HR-HPV E7 oncoprotein. These results suggest that HPV infection plays an important role in prostate cancer development.

Abstract Introduction: Regenerative medicine is a branch of medicine related to the use of stem cells (SC) to take advantage of their capacity to replace or regenerate cells, tissues or organs to restore a function damaged by some cause, including congenital defects, trauma and aging. The techniques for obtaining, isolating and immunotyping (such as fl ow cytometry, immunofl uorescence and fl uorescence microscopy tests, as well as molecular biology techniques) currently require specialized infrastructure and personnel, and they are expensive and diffi cult to access. Objective: To propose and evaluate a technique for the detection and isolation of stem cells in urine samples by using a biosensor with impedance spectroscopy assisted by nanoprobes. Material and methods: The cells obtained were cultured and then labeled with specifi c nanoprobes for markers of undifferentiated stem cells of mesenchymal origin. Results: The initial results of electrical impedance spectroscopy, where cells without labeling were compared with cells labeled with nanoprobes, are inconclusive; however, they tend to show some differences between both conditions. Additionally, fl uorescence and multiphoton microscopy analysis were carried out, as well as fl ow cytometry, to corroborate the presence of mesenchymal stem cells.

Resumen Introducción La medicina regenerativa es una rama de la medicina relacionada con el empleo de células madre (CM) para aprovechar su capacidad para reemplazar o regenerar células, tejidos u órganos, para restaurar una función dañada por alguna causa, incluyendo defectos congénitos, trauma y envejecimiento. Las técnicas de obtención, aislamiento e inmunotipificación (como son la citometría de flujo, pruebas de inmunofluorescencia y microscopia de fluorescencia, así como técnicas de biología molecular) actualmente requieren infraestructura y personal especializado, además de ser costosas y de difícil acceso. Objetivo Proponer y evaluar una técnica para la detección y aislamiento de células madre en muestras de orina mediante el empleo de un biosensor, con el uso de espectroscopia de impedancia asistida con nanosondas. Material y métodos Las células obtenidas fueron cultivadas y luego marcadas con nanosondas específicas para marcadores de células madre indiferenciadas de origen mesenquimal. Resultados Los resultados iniciales de la espectroscopia de impedancia eléctrica, donde se compararon células sin marcaje con nanosondas y células marcadas con nanosondas, no son concluyentes; sin embargo, tienen una tendencia a mostrar algunas diferencias entre ambas condiciones. Además, se realizaron análisis de microscopia de fluorescencia y multifotónica para corroborar la presencia de células madre mesenquimales.